The kidneys perform a wide range of essential tasks for daily living. Their primary responsibility is clearing wastes out of the bloodstream while also controlling blood pressure levels by flushing away excess fluid from circulation. The kidneys play an essential part in producing and regulating electrolytes as well as activating vitamin D production. (more…)

Vertebrates have developed more sophisticated digestion systems to accommodate their dietary requirements, with some animals only possessing one stomach while others having multiple chambers or even birds possessing an innovative digestive tract that allows them to consume un-masticated food sources. You should opt for anatomy and physiology classes to learn about the physiology of digestion in different classes of vertebrates. (more…)